John Herschel, a renowned chemist, and polymath of the 19th century, left an indelible mark on the world of photography. His pioneering scientific expertise, inventive mind, and deep passion for the arts converged to shape the early development of photography.
This article explores the life, notable works, and invaluable contributions Herschel made to the world of photography, as well as the significant collaborations and assistance he offered to fellow photographers and inventors.
Cover image - John Herschel by Julia Margaret Cameron
Early Life and Background
Born on March 7, 1792, in Slough, Buckinghamshire, England, John Herschel was the only child of astronomer Sir William Herschel and his wife, Mary Baldwin Herschel. Growing up in a family deeply involved in scientific pursuits, Herschel was exposed to the wonders of the natural world from a young age.
He received an excellent education and developed a passion for various scientific disciplines, including chemistry, mathematics, and astronomy. He attended the University of Cambridge, where he studied mathematics, physics, and chemistry. This was supplemented by mentorship from Charles Babbage and practical experiences at scientific institutions.
He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society and was even chosen as its president from 1820 to 1821. His legacy as a scientist, inventor, and collaborator continues to inspire generations of photographers and scientists to this day.
Herschel made numerous significant contributions to various scientific fields. He made important advancements in chemistry, particularly in the study of light, color, and the behavior of chemicals.
John Frederick William Herschel by Alfred Edward Chalon
Notable Works in Photography
Although John Herschel did not directly develop the cyanotype process, he made important contributions to the field of photography. His most notable contribution was the invention of the blueprint process, which had significant implications for both photography and scientific documentation. His work took him to use sodium thiosulfate on silver halide salts and its usefulness as a fixer for photographic images. Not only did he create Hypo (original fixer), but also sensitized paper, allowing photography to become more mobile.
The blueprint/cyanotype process, involved coating paper with a light-sensitive solution containing iron compounds. When exposed to light, the coated paper turned a distinct shade of blue, creating a blueprint-like image. Herschel developed this process in 1842 as a means of reproducing architectural and engineering drawings, as well as maps.
The process offered greater stability and durability compared to earlier photographic methods, ensuring the longevity of the resulting photographs. Cyanotypes found wider applications beyond photography, such as scientific documentation and blueprinting.
Dictyota dichotoma by Anna Atkins
Collaborations and Support
John Herschel was not only an innovator in photography but also an avid supporter of other inventors and photographers. He maintained a close correspondence with key figures of the time. This includes William Henry Fox Talbot, who is widely recognized as one of the pioneers of modern photography.
Herschel's collaboration with Talbot extended beyond photography. They worked together on various scientific endeavors, including spectroscopy and the study of light polarization. Herschel's extensive knowledge of optics and his contributions to the field significantly influenced Talbot's understanding of the physical principles underlying photography.
Mary Somerville, a Scottish mathematician, and astronomer, corresponded extensively with John Herschel. They shared scientific knowledge, discussed astronomical observations, and exchanged ideas on various scientific subjects. Their collaboration contributed to advancements in astronomy and the understanding of celestial phenomena.
Herschel collaborated with Charles Wheatstone and Sir David Brewster, English scientists, and inventors known for their work in the field of telegraphy and physics They worked together on experiments related to optics and the measurement of light, including the development of the polariscope, an instrument used to measure light polarization.
Mrs William Somerville
Final Word
John Herschel's exceptional scientific acumen and passion for the arts allowed him to make remarkable contributions to the world of photography. His help with the development of the cyanotype process, his collaborations with fellow inventors like Talbot, and his dedication to advancing scientific knowledge shaped the early years of photography.
Herschel's impact extended beyond the field of photography, influencing various scientific disciplines and bridging the gap between art and science. His remarkable legacy as a chemist, innovator, and collaborator ensures his enduring place in the history of photography.